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Sequence of Tenses
Sequence of Tenses — це правило, за яким час дієслова в підрядному реченні залежить від часу в головному реченні, найчастіше після:
- say / tell
- think / believe
- know
- promise
- ask
- explain
📌 Особливо важливо в непрямій мові (Reported Speech).
Основна ідея (коротко)
🔹 Якщо головне речення — в теперішньому часі,
→ обмежень немає.
🔹 Якщо головне речення — в минулому,
→ підрядне “зсувається назад” на один крок у минуле.
Головне правило
✅ Present / Future у головному реченні
Час у підрядному будь-який, логічно правильний
- I think she is ill.
- I know he will come tomorrow.
- She says she has finished the work.
⚠️ Past у головному реченні → backshift
Часи в підрядному зсуваються назад
- He said that he was tired.
- She told me she had finished the task.
Таблиця зсуву часів (Backshift)
| Пряме мовлення | Після дієслова в Past |
|---|---|
| Present Simple | Past Simple |
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous |
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect |
| Past Simple | Past Perfect |
| Past Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous |
| Future Simple (will) | would |
| can | could |
| may | might |
| must | had to |
Приклади узгодження
Present → Past
“I work here.”
He said (that) he worked there.
Present Perfect → Past Perfect
“I have finished.”
She said she had finished.
Past Simple → Past Perfect
“I saw him.”
He said he had seen him.
Future → would
“I will help you.”
She said she would help me.
Коли узгодження НЕ застосовується
Загальні істини, факти, наукові закони
Час не змінюється.
- The teacher said that water boils at 100°C.
- He said the Earth goes around the Sun.
Ситуація актуальна досі
Якщо інформація все ще правдива, backshift можливий, але не обов’язковий.
- He said he lives / lived in Kyiv.
(Якщо досі живе — lives допустимо.)
Умовні речення типу zero / first
Час не змінюється.
- She said that if it rains, she will stay at home.
Sequence of Tenses + Reported Speech
| Пряма мова | Непряма мова |
|---|---|
| “I am tired.” | He said he was tired. |
| “I have done it.” | She said she had done it. |
| “I will call you.” | He said he would call me. |
| “I can help.” | She said she could help. |
Узгодження часових і просторових слів
| Пряма мова | Непряма |
|---|---|
| now | then |
| today | that day |
| yesterday | the day before |
| tomorrow | the next day |
| here | there |
| this | that |
Типові помилки
| Помилка | Правильно |
|---|---|
| ❌ He said he is tired. | ✅ He said he was tired. |
| ❌ She said she has finished yesterday. | ✅ She said she had finished. |
| ❌ He told that he was busy. | ✅ He told me he was busy. |
| ❌ He said me that… | ✅ He told me that… |
Порівняння: said vs told
| said | told |
|---|---|
| без об’єкта | з об’єктом |
| He said that… | He told me that… |
Практичні приклади
- She said she was working late that day.
- I thought he had already left.
- They explained that they would arrive the next day.
- He knew that she had been waiting for him.
Коротке резюме
✅ Узгодження потрібне, якщо головне речення — в минулому
✅ Відбувається зсув часу назад
✅ Не застосовується до фактів і незмінних істин
✅ Ключова тема для Reported Speech
